Category: Bharathiyaar

The word romantic poet does not convey the correct picture as much as the term “Sringaar ras ke kavi” (a poet who uses sringaar ras). Normally any song on gods and goddesses abound in bhakti ras or the feeling of devotion. For Bharathi, it is Sringaar ras that dominates Bhakti Ras even in such songs.

Bharathiyaar always addressed gods and goddesses in very familiar terms; many a time using words of endearment rather than supplication; words like  காதல் , மையல் ,மோகம் and so on,that are generally used in love songs. That’s the tone of his poem,”மூன்று காதல் ” or three love affairs. It’s only too apt to talk of these ‘love affairs’ during navaratri celebrations  .

The poem moonru kaathal  (மூன்று காதல் )has nine stanzas; four on Saraswathi, three on Lakshmi and two on Parashakthi.  

It goes without saying that for Bharathi, his first love had always been Saraswathi or the goddess of learning. That’s how he earned the title Bharathi at a young age of eleven years. In a way, Saraswathi resided in Bharathiyaar’s home and Bharahthiyaar himself was a manifestation of the goddess Saraswathi.

When he talks of Saraswathi, it’s clearly love at first sight.  As a young child hopping along the street, he sees her waiting for him at the street corner reading for him from her books; when he is sitting alone at the river side all by himself, the goddess  brings him some wonderful poetry . He constantly keeps hearing the lilting melodies from Saraswathi’s Veena everywhere.  It was her words of wisdom and knowledge that nourished him . Probably he was totally enchanted by Saraswathi in his childhood which lasted till he lost his father at a young age of 15 years. 

May be it was only then he longed for Goddess Lakshmi. It is not that he did not sing in praise of Lakshmi or that he was averse to wealth; but his love for Saraswathi and  Kali was so intense that Laksmi kept away from his home barring a few short periods. He was always on a kind of self imposed poverty. His pride did not let him go after money and his well wishers had to be extra cautious in providing for him without hurting his ego. On one occasion he threw away money on the street, lamenting that people respected only money and not his learning.

 For Bharathi , grace of Lakshmi meant not having to bother about day to day issues so that he could spend his day fruitfully, wooing Saraswathi or praising Parashakthi. He never could find favour with Lakshmi . He says in the poem ,”for whatever fault of mine, you are ignoring me”. Then he reconciles that it was only the homes of kings and and their henchmen that Laksmi visited.

As for his third love, Kali or Parashakti, it became more and more intense with time. Bharthiyaar loved physical strength and energy, attributes through  which Parashakti manifests herself. Though  he was a bundle of energy, physical strength , definitely, was not his forte. He could not participate , leave alone excel, in activities like swimming , wrestling or sword-fighting;  he would keep watching with admiration , people engaged in such sports. In his appeal to Parashakthi , he says,

நல்லதோர் வீணை செய்தே – அதை நலங்கெடப் புழுதியில் எறிவதுண்டோ? சொல்லடி சிவசக்தி – எனைச் சுடர்மிகும் அறிவுடன் படைத்துவிட்டாய். வல்லமை தாராயோ, – இந்த மாநிலம் பயனுற வாழ்வதற்கே?

Will anyone make a beautiful veenai and throw it in the dust?

You have given me extraordinary intellect ; wont you give me the physical strength to serve the society.

Later, in many of his songs  he perceived Parashakthi as the all encompassing primordial energy  that sustains the whole universe, as he says “யாதுமாகி நின்றாய் காளி ! எங்கும் நீ நிறைந்தாய்” You are everything and your are everywhere O Kali”

There are a number of lovely songs on Saraswathi  , the most popular one being “வெள்ளைத் தாமரைப் பூவில் இருப்பாள்”  and  “வெள்ளைக் கமலத்திலே ”  .  Here I have given the song rendered by Raj Kumar Bharathi, a great grandson of Bharathiyaar.

 The most popular poem on  his second love is malarin mevu thiruve (மலரின் மேவு திருவே ) . I like the song as rendered by Seergazhi Govindarajan   for the crystal clear lyrics. The humanist in the poet says with Lakshmi’s grace he would wipe out the words “not available”   from this world. His idea of progress was a world where no one would ever be wanting for basic necessities.  

செல்வ மெட்டு மெய்தி - நின்னாற்
செம்மை யேறி வாழ்வேன்
இல்லை என்ற கொடுமை - உலகில்
இல்லை யாக வைப்பேன் .

Incidentally , though he could never ensure availability of provisions at home , he ensured that the words “not available ” was never ever spoken. So, at times his  wife Chellammal had to use code words to convey to him that there was not a single grain of rice at home!

The song Yaadhumaki ninral (யாதுமாகி  நின்றாள் ) is quite popular among many great singers. I have given here a version by a great admirer of Bharathiyaar and an accomplished practicer of Carnatic Music  Vijayalakshmi Subramanian, rendered without any accompaniments, during these covid times. 

It is difficult to do a word by word translation from Tamil and yet preserve the beauty of the ideas.  If you can follow the words , it is absolutely bliss when passionately rendered by a Bharathi Bhakt

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Most of us  have come across many of the  popular works of Subramanya Bharathi in books, Music albums or Movies. But  that  gives  very little idea of the great man he was , for he was not just  a poet but a philosopher,  a freedom fighter  and a social reformer  and most importantly, a thinker far ahead of his times. As a polyglot with a very broad world view , he has also read up a lot on other languages including English and French and has done a lot of translation work. His personality was too multifaceted to be understood through studying a few of his works.

When you read a book of compilation of his poetry, nicely ordered, indexed and printed , it gives a feel of having been composed in an orderly way.  That probably is the case when a novelist starts writing a book. He may take a year or many years to complete the novel, but there is some kind of order . That is not the case with poets, particularly Bharathiyaar .

Subramnaya Bharathi lived in tumultuous times. His compositions were constantly shaped by the political and social events of the times, national and international. There were many poems that never got printed and the manuscripts never survived. Some compositions were abandoned or lost half way through. The manuscript of his witty and insightful autobiographical work was completely lost and he could recreate only six chapters . The fact that he spent long years in exile as a fugitive hounded by the British Indian Govt, did not make anything simpler.

Poverty was another issue the poet was constantly battling; though it’s a different matter that he was more inclined to give away his meagre possessions rather than  seek help from the well off or to build up financial security for himself and his family.

So any study of the great man would mean an attempt to track his  life  and works chronologically to understand what prompted him to write the way he did. Unfortunately , there are very few copies available of the magazines he wrote in or edited. There are just five photographs of him available. He held regular correspondence with many including national leaders like Balgangadhar Tilak and Bipin Chandra pal, but very few letters are available today.

Fortunately , he left behind many admirers. Very few dared to support him openly when he was alive  and only  post-independence, his readers and  fans  came out in numbers.

So, we have many accounts of what it was to be in the company of Bharathi, what he believed in and what kind of vision he had for future of Bharatvarsh .

Despite spending most of his life as a journalist, the great poet’s life is not chronicled at all, though there is a lot of random information available on the net. In this digital age, information available expands to fill the time available. The more I read about Bharathi , the more the net throws at me to read. If someone wants to cross-check and verify every bit of information, it would be very difficult proposition indeed. Where do you start verification when you come across a statement like :-

“Bala – Bharata was a monthly magazine and Editor was Subramanya Bharathi. He wrote a lot for this magazine without mentioning his name. His Gurumani Sister Nivedita wrote for every issue without fail without mentioning her name “

How many people are aware that Bharathiyar also used pen names like Kalidasan and Sakthidasan while working for Swadesamitran. His English works were published in Annie Besant’s Commonweal, New India and  The Hindu.

It was mostly anonymous or pseudonymous. From his writings, one could guess that  he was greatly influenced by Swami Vivekananda and Sister Nivedita. He has also written about Rabindranath Tagore and has been a close friend of Sri Aurobindo . On political issues he was clearly on the extremist faction of the Congress and considered Bal Gangadhar Tilak and Bipin Chand Pal as his leaders. He did respect Mahatma Gandhi as a great mass leader but both on political and social issues he had differences and didn’t hesitate to express them vocally.

 He led an absolutely extraordinary life and I wish we had some kind of day  to day recording of events then, as we have today , in the era of social media. Whatever be, it’s a wonderful exercise figuring  out the time, place and context regarding all his writings.

In a way , when you have time,  it is a blessing to be spending your days reading up everything, authenticated or not, about the great poet.

PS

here  is a news item, published exactly five years before, that says ,noted Bharathi scholar Shri Seeni Viswanathan would  be bringing out a complete collection in chronological order. I could not find any follow up news after that.

Here is the story of Seeni Viswanathan’s  research on Bharathi.

Bharathiyaar was a great nationalist, philosopher and a social  reformer far ahead of his times. What most people miss out is that he excelled in romantic poems. Kannan Paattu contains some of his best compositions. In this collection of poems the poet visualizes Kannan or Krishna in many forms; his king, his guru, his servant, father, mother, sweetheart and lover. Despite the different manifestations of his Kannan, it is his songs on Kannan as the divine lover  that stand out.

This poem talks of the intense longing for Kannan , that Kannamma goes through , followed by a description of the absolute bliss she attains on experiencing His presence .

A short distraction ;

Thirvalluvar also has devoted a complete chapter on this kind of suffering .

116. பிரிவாற்றாமை

one of the most insightful couplets, I found  in the chapter:-

துறைவன் துறந்தமை தூற்றாகொல் முன்கை
இறையிறவா நின்ற வளை.

The bangles fall off her arms giving away how thin she had become

These are times when not many read poetry but everybody listens to music particularly when there are fancy visuals that go with the lyrics. The background music often  drowns the lyrics and most people don’t miss the lyrics anyway.

As an old fashioned Bharathi bhakt, first, I would  love to read the poem in full , unedited and unaffected by any sound or visuals. So, here’s the full version, all fifty six lines set in seven stanzas.

In 1948, the song was first popularized by AVM productions through the golden voice of  DK Pattammal in the film Vethala Ulagam. Eldest of the Travancore sisters, Lalitha dances to this song. The song is full of similes, a delight to any Bharathanatyam dancer. As always , a film can popularize a song but can never  do full justice to the genius of Bharathiyaar.

Generally Bharathiyaar bhakti runs through generations and there is a recording of DK Pattammal singing  many Bharathi songs along her grand daughter Nithyasree Mahadevan.

Obviously, the poet did not write for films where any song has to fit into a pallavi, anu pallavi and 2-3 charanams.  I feel Bhartahiyaar’s  songs should  be listened to , in full, with minimum accompaniments  even if it takes half an hour, so that one can soak in every word and every line and be immersed in bliss with  the after glow  lasting  for an hour or so .

The first half of the poem talks of the girl suffering the pangs of separation and longing.  There is a series of similes to describe her suffering ; heart trembling like a worm in an angler’s hook or a flame exposed to winds. It goes on and on  to the the agony of sleeplessness and lack of appetite. Everything that was supposed to taste great tastes so bitter and nothing at all interests her in life;  she cannot even tolerate simple joyful activities, leave alone, enjoy. She cannot bear the company of her friends or her mother trying to cheer her up. The doctors and astrologers, to whom one goes  in such times , have also given up all hopes.

When she  had become a complete physical and mental wreck and when everyone had given up all hopes of any redemption, something wonderful happens. She, in her dream, goes through a kind of experience that leaves her absolutely ecstatic.

On waking up, the world around her becomes extremely beautiful again. She is trying to figure out what had caused this  total transformation. She is musing  aloud “Who was that in my dreams who touched my heart? Every time I think of his presence, and I feel a strange sense of peace pervading through my entire being ?”

Thanks to the internet and the audio /video editing software; I have a short clip of a line rendered in the soulful voice of Bombay Jayashree.

It’s so soothing  whenever  I listen to .

The word than or Thanmai in Tamil  used to mean cool and probably even the hindusthani word Thand has originated from our Than. Today we have lost a cool word to chill about as a youngster would say today.

In the last stanza, as she keeps reliving her blissful experience , mulling on it over and over ,  it finally dawns on her that it was indeed Krishna who had appeared in her dream!

Here are some video clips not in any order

The singers : Bombay Jayashri, S Sowmya, DK Pattammmal and Nithyasree Mahadevan

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Continued from   Here

Another beautiful poem on Kannamma by Bharathiyaar. Here he describes the relationship between Kannan and Kannamma.

We are living in the times of gender equality , that is not just restricted to male and female but a whole range of genders !

Equality is a  western concept . It is a relatively modern idea that did not find a place even in Plato’s Republic, that held sway till the period of French revolution.  In the face of it , the idea of equality looks like a ‘self evident truth ‘as in the American Declaration of Independence. Even this article of declaration mentioned only men; probably the equality of all humans was not self-evident then.  Whatever be,   now, equality seem to include all humans , though not extended to other beings as yet.

Fair play, justice and harmonious living are desirable virtues in any society.But is equality really required ? Has there been any society that has ever achieved equality among it’s members?  We are not created equals , if the word created may be used, in physical or mental abilities or in temperament and  the differences are nowhere  more pronounced than in the genders.

This poem of Bharthiyaar describes a beautiful, harmonious, symbiotic relationship between Kannan and Kannamma. This is one of the songs where the poet addresses Kannamma in the compilation of poems under “Kannan Paattu)

http://www.lyricaldelights.com/  gives the lyrics in  Tamil  ; transliteration in roman letters for people who speak but can’t read Tamil and then translation to English for the others; click.

As always , it is only a few verses of a few songs that become popular, may be because of the singabilility , or that a renowned singer chose to sing those verses or simply because of political correctness of that period. It’s always a great insight to go through the entire song or whatever verses are left to us today, for much of Bharathiyaar’s writings were published after his time.

for the complete poem click.

Bharathi wrote for the masses; it is said he used to read his works to people, closely observing their reactions. If he felt that his audience is finding a word a little difficult to understand he re-wrote to make it simpler. Quite a contrast to some people who deliberately include rarely used words to sound scholarly and in the process end up making their  work totally incomprehensible.

In this song, the poet picks up such complementary attributes and objectives where one becomes meaningless without the other.  What is the point of   eyesight without  light and What is a song without a melodious tune to go with ?! What is a flower without fragrance? 

Certain idioms are peculiar to Indian way of thinking . We always associate flowers with fragrance ,but in the West, they grow flowers that hardly have any fragrance. Even the rose by any name that smells as sweet, smells sweeter in our country. To fully appreciate the poet you need to think desi.

Bharathiyaar was not a saint and he wrote about every goal of Hindu life;  Dharma (Righteousness, moral values) Artha (Wealth, economic values)  , Kaama (pleasure, love, psychological values) and  moksha (liberation, spiritual values) .

In this poem too he touches every aspect.  He likens himself to security or ‘nest egg’ when he likens Kannamma to Wealth. While the first two lines of a verse describes the complementary attributes ,the last line of each stanza personifies Kannamma as Divine Music, Intoxication ,Pure Bliss and so on.

The song has been picturised in a few Tamil films and seeing these one may feel that it’s the patriarchal way of glorifying womanhood and yet relegating her to cooking, washing or child care. But any one who has read his poems on emancipation of women would understand that the great poet was far ahead of his times to keep women away from any profession.

In a modern society , men and women, all face different challenges at different points in our journey.  And with those challenges will come the need to play a different role.

Bharthiyaar’s message on  two individuals complementing each other’s role may be taken as  to include changing of roles as required and yet celebrate cooperation rather than competition.

A quote by American poet , Edwin Markham comes to mind

For all your days be prepared, and meet them ever alike. When you are the anvil, bear—when you are the hammer, strike.

Here are some video clips of the song (some popular stanzas from the song)

I personally like the one by Indian Raga for the seamless switch from classical mode to folk mode , that shows the universal appeal these verses had on the learned as well as the masses.

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Continuing from where my previous post;

For some reason Bharathiyaar has not been given his due place in Tamilnadu as, someone like  Gurudev Tagore has been given in West Bengal. The school children’s exposure to the great poet probably starts and ends in fancy dress competitions and a few songs sung in the annual day functions. There is not much effort to study his works either for moral values or for the sheer beauty of the verses.

Be that as it may, in the digital age , it is You-tube which is the ultimate teacher. The ‘lessons’ from the You-tube are spread about by Whatsapp and Facebook. Unfortunately, here too the wind conditions are not favourable to Bharathi as he is neither a hindutva icon nor a dalit icon. Nor does he appeal to the cool dudes by his looks or the language he wrote in. It is becoming fashionable even in Tamilnadu to not to speak in Tamil leave alone read or write.

So be it.

While his patriotic songs are more popular (particularly for school annual day functions) his philosophical works are not so well known. His major works were Kannan Paattu, Kuyil Paattu and Panchali Sabatham. . Once he is said to have offered  that he would give away an English booklet he wrote , a parody on Theosophical Society , (The Fox with a Golden Tail) to anyone who buys his “Panchali Sabatham” .

Some the most beautiful verses of Bharathi can be found in his book ‘ Kannan Paattu’.

This is a collection of 23 poems wherein the poet looks at Kannan / Kannamma as his mother, father, child, friend, sweetheart, king, his guru, servant and the family deity. Of course the most popular compositions are those depicting  Krishna as a lover.

It is said that this song was composed by the great poet when he had misplaced the only photo he had of his mother who had passed away when he was barely five years old. As such it was a black and white faded picture and He had only a vague memory of his mother and now with that photograph gone he feels utterly helpless.

One of the verses brings out the total purposelessness of his life by comparing himself to a bee which has forgotten honey !

The lyrics are captivating. Unfortunately , most singers prefer to include only three or four stanzas out of the  six .

for the lyrics and translation  see here

The pain he feels is expressed as the pain of a girl who is in love with the eternal lover Krishna and has lost all memory of how he looked.

While many of his popular poems have been picturised in Tamil Cinema, this one   has hardly been sung even in carnatic music concerts.

Courtesy You-tube, today, one can hear different versions of the song.

Every famous artist has come out with his / her own version.  The list of artists include Sowmya, Nithyashree, Priya Sisters, Karthik Iyer, Maharajapuram Santhanam Sikkil Gurcharan, Suchitra Karthik and Mahathi. Sometime in 2011, An Album  was released by Shankar Tucker , Struti Box on you tube . It is the absolute pathos of the situation that stands out. Every singer tries to bring out the feeling with the  gamakams , so characteristic to carnatic music. Maharajapuram Santhanam sings it in a fast tempo , unusual for a sad song; yet the feeling is perceptible though in a kind of detached way.

The music composed and  produced by Shankar Tucker , sung by Vidhya Iyer and Vandana Iyer was an instant hit and at the time of writing this piece, it had crossed 4 million views. It captures the mood of the song beautifully. Maharajapuram Santhanam sings it in a fast tempo , unusual for a sad song; yet the feeling is perceptible though in a kind of detached way.  To his credit he covers the all the six stanzas. Karthik’s version sounds modernistic may be because of the accompaniments.

Choose your pick  and enjoy.  The video gallery also includes a wonderful dance performance by Pooja Unni

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